Cooler Than Absolute Zero's AP Bio Labs 2014-2015

Tuesday, May 26, 2015

Grasshopper - Dissection

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HOPPER's FINAL HOURS

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Patient #001881: Hill, Hopper

Specimen: Grasshopper

Height: 4.8 in

Eye color: black

Weight: 3 oz

Ethnicity: insect

Biography: The grasshopper is primarily found in gardens, fields, and almost every climate in the world. You can even find them in your yard in the summer time, by hearing the sound that they make when they run their legs back and forth. Grasshoppers are herbiorves, which means that they eat vegetation such as grass. They breathe through 10 holes that are located in the thorax and abdomen known as spiracles. Although these insects are quite small, and harmless; they can spit out a juice-substance to protect from predators and can jump almost 20 times its size.

REFER TO THE INFORMATIONAL DISSECTION VIDEO AT THE BOTTOM IF KNOWING HOW TO DISSECT THIS ORGANISM IS DESIRED. THE VIDEO CONTAINS A DETAILED VISUAL AND VOICEOVER.

EXTERNAL ANATOMY

Ovipostion: Where the genitals are located on the grasshopper.

Eyes: Sensory organ.

Pronotum: Protection above the neck.

Spiracles: Small holes in which grasshoppers exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide through.

Antennae: Sensory organ.

INTERNAL ANATOMY

Rectum: Digestional exit for food.

Intestines: Digestional track for food.

Heart: Organ that pumps blood throughout the body.

Mandible: Organ for grinding up food for digestion.

Nerve Cord: Organ in which supplies nerve signals to everywhere along the body.

Stomach: Digestive organ for foods.

Gizzard: Further grinds foods.

INFORMATIONAL DISSECTION VIDEO BELOW

WORKS CITED

http://animalcorner.co.uk/grasshopper-body-anatomy/

Crayfish - Dissection

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SEBASTIAN's FINAL HOURS

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Patient #001885: Sebastian

Specimen: Crayfish
Height: 9.5 in
Eye Color: Black
Weight: 3 oz
Ethnicity: Freshwater Crustacean

Biography: Crayfish can be found in both the Northern and Southern Hemisphere. Some of their more populated habitats are found in South America, Madagascar, and East Asia. They are found in bodies of water, and breathe through their feather-like gills. Crayfish are omnivores, and eat a variety of food, including fish, shrimp, water plants, and insects. Finally, a fun fact! Crayfish are known across the country as a wide variety of names, such as lobsters, crawdads, mudbugs,and yabbies.

REFER TO THE INFORMATIONAL DISSECTION VIDEO AT THE BOTTOM IF KNOWING HOW TO DISSECT THIS ORGANISM IS DESIRED. THE VIDEO CONTAINS A DETAILED VISUAL AND VOICEOVER.

EXTERIOR ANATOMY

Brain: Main organ of the crayfish.

Stomach: A digestive organ used to break down foods.

Digestive Gland: Used to digest foods consumed by the crayfish/

Testes: Male genital organs used for creating and storing sperm.

Heart: Muscle used to pump blood throughout the body.

Eye: Sensory organ used to sense light.

INTERIOR ANATOMY

Carapace: Hard protective shell.

Eye: Sensory organ used to sense light.

Antenna: Senses touch and taste.

Teslson: Posterior extension of body used for swimming.

Uropod: Comes in a pair located at the tail, used for swimming.

Rostrum: Hard carapace that covers the head.

Cheliped: 1st walking leg also used to defend against predators.

Dissection Procedure

INFORMATIONAL DISSECTION VIDEO ABOVE

WORKS CITED

http://dj003.k12.sd.us/science%20labs/dissection/crayfish_dissection.htm

https://quizlet.com/24125785/crayfish-exterior-terminology-flash-cards/

Frog - Dissection

"We are tied to the ocean. And when we go back to the sea, whether it is to sail or to watch - we are going back from whence we came."

- John F. Kennedy

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FROGGER's FINAL HOURS

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Patient #001879: Jones, Frogger

Specimen: Grass Frog
Height: 8.5 inches
Eye Color: BLK
Weight: 10 Oz
Ethnicity: Amphibian

Biography: Frog's are found in creeks, ponds, swamps,trees, and rain forests. They are found on every continent except Antarctica. They are able to live in cold and hot climates. They eat flies, mosquitoes, moths, and dragonflies. The larger frogs are likely to eat grasshoppers, worms, and even smaller frogs. Frogs use their skin, lung, and the lining of their mouths to breathe. The skin membrane allows a diffusion of oxygen. It can also breath by taking air through its nostrils and down through its lungs. Surprisingly, they do not have a diaphragm. The lining of the mouth method of respiration is similar to the skin respiration because of gas exchange. It usually is the predominant form of breathing while the frog is at rest. Fun fact: When a frog completely sheds its skin, it eats it within a week.

REFER TO THE INFORMATIONAL DISSECTION VIDEO AT THE BOTTOM IF KNOWING HOW TO DISSECT THIS ORGANISM IS DESIRED. THE VIDEO CONTAINS A DETAILED VISUAL AND VOICEOVER.

DISSECTION INSTRUCTIONS

First, flip the frog on its back so that the stomach is exposed. Then, using a scalpel, lightly trace over the incision lines shown in the picture. I would suggest not cutting deep because the frog's organs are close to the surface of the skin, and not covered by much muscle. Once you have a traced incision, use scissors to cut through any skin and muscle-coverage to expose the frog's organs.

INFORMATIONAL DISSECTION VIDEO ABOVE

It's What Matters on the Inside

Esophagus: Tube that connects the mouth and stomach
Stomach: Stores food and mixes it with enzymes to begin digestion
Small intestine: Posterior organ of digestive system which stores undigested food
Lungs: Aid in respiration
Heart: Pumping organ of the circulatory system

Can't forget about the Outside

Anus: Part of the frog that allows for excretion of wastes

Toes: Webbed, helps them to swim

Hind limb: The "legs" of the frog, used in jumping movement

Trunk: The body of the frog, stores all the organs of the frog

Brow Spot: Is used to tell if the skull of the frog is fully developed

Ear Drum: Allows them to hear around their environment

Nostrils: Opening for air to enter and exit

Thigh: Part of the hind-limb of the leg

Eye: Part of the frog that allows it to see, covered by a membrane that cleans and protects it

In this picture, the frog's brain is exposed. This contains the parts such as the Cerebellum, Cerebrum, Optic lobe, Olfactory lobe and the medulla oblongata. The medulla connects the brain with the spinal cord. The spinal cord is seen in the picture below.

This is the frog's spinal cord after you have removed all of the internal organs that it contains.

Earthworm - Dissection

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WILLIE's FINAL HOURS

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Patient #001883: Wiggle, Willie

Specimen: Earthworm

Height: 11 in

Eye color: N/A

Weight: 1.4 oz

Ethnicity: Lumbricina

Biography: Earthworms are found on nearly every continent on Earth. They live in the soil, and a lot of species are actually invasive. They breathe through the pores in their skin. Since earthworms are decomposers, they eat decomposing materials in their environment. This could be rotting leaves or even other animals. They can also eat fungi and bacteria. They are a very important part of the environment they live in. In south America, they can stretch up to 10 feet long!

REFER TO THE INFORMATIONAL DISSECTION VIDEO AT THE BOTTOM IF KNOWING HOW TO DISSECT THIS ORGANISM IS DESIRED. THE VIDEO CONTAINS A DETAILED VISUAL AND VOICEOVER.

DISSECTION INSTRUCTIONS

Place the earthworm on the tray so that the flatter side (ventral) is facing up. Carefully, using a scalpel, cut down the middle of the earthworm. As you cut, pin down the skin of the earthworm so you can see the internal parts of it. Make sure you don't press down too hard with the scalpel or you will destroy all of the internal organs of the earthworm.

INFORMATIONAL DISSECTION VIDEO ABOVE

EXTERNAL PARTS

Mouth: a muscular part of the body used to eat - no teeth

Segmented body: acts as a barrier to the outside world

Clitellum: is involved in reproduction of the organism

Anus: excretes waste

INTERNAL ORGANS

Pharynx: muscle to suck in food

Esophagus: place where food passes through muscular contractions

Heart: pumps blood through the body

Gizzard: food is ground here to smaller bits by muscular contractions that rubs the food together

Dorsal Blood Vessel: blood is carried through the body in this tube

Intestine: food is chemically broken down by enzymes here

www.learner.org/jnorth/tm/worm/WormLife.html

Starfish - Dissection

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PATRICIA's FINAL HOURS

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Patient #001880: Star, Patrica

Specimen: Starfish
Weight: 5.7 oz
Eye Color: N/A
Height: 4.5 in
Ethnicity: Marine Echinoderm

Biography: Starfish, you can see them in fish tanks, like in Nemo or even in Spongebob, like Patrick the Star. But more realistically you can find them in all the oceans around the world, primarily at the sea bottom. Though it looks like these things don't eat, they do. Their diet consists of clams, mussels, and barnacles. It seems that Starfish have some similar food choices when compared to Humans, however, they definitely do not breathe the same. Humans, you and I, use our mouths and nose to breathe in air which then travels to our lungs, and everywhere else in our body. Starfish use their feet. I can't even imagine what the world would be like if Humans respired from their feet. Anyway, the starfish's feet are composed of thin tissue that allows the diffusion of gases which allows the oxygen from the seawater to travel to all the tissues that compose of their body. They also use the raised bumps on their bodies to help with this process as well. Fun fact: These prickly textured surface is also used as protection from birds(I don't understand how they get into the water that deep), fish and other predators that expel all their anger on the poor starfish.

REFER TO THE INFORMATIONAL DISSECTION VIDEO AT THE BOTTOM IF KNOWING HOW TO DISSECT THIS ORGANISM IS DESIRED. THE VIDEO CONTAINS A DETAILED VISUAL AND VOICEOVER.

Dissection Instructions

First, place the starfish so that it is facing belly up. Next, cut about 1/4 of an inch of the tip of one of the legs off. Then, using a scalpel, cut a rectangle in the leg so that you make a flap revealing the inner components. In order to view the stomach and other internal organs, cut out a circle in the middle of the starfish, revealing the central disk.

INFORMATIONAL DISSECTION VIDEO ABOVE

External Anatomy

Arms: help with movement and capture prey

Central Disk: most central part of starfish; where arms radiate from

Madreporite: site where water enters the water vascular system

Internal Anatomy

Gonads: produce the starfish's gametes (sperm or egg)

Stomach: where food is digested

Works Cited

http://visual.merriam-webster.com/animal-kingdom/simple-organisms-echinoderms/echinoderms/anatomy-starfish.php

Fish - Dissection

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SWEDISH's FINAL HOURS

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Patient #001884: Sushi, Swedish

Specimen: Fish

Height: 6 in

Eye Color: BLK

Weight: 12 oz

Ethnicity: Perch

Biography: There are many types of fish in this world, however; all of them live in the water. Some live in freshwater, and some in salt-water areas. Further, some can be found close to the surface, or in deep depths. This also determines the type of food that they eat. Fish are not picky eaters, so they tend to eat anything in their environment which can include, algae or plankton. Of course, if you have a pet fish, in a bowl, you have to feed them with tiny flakes filled with nutrients. Some make the mistake of over-feeding, which causes the fish to go belly-up (EHHMM, Mr. Filipek) But of course, eating isn't the only important aspect of staying alive while being fish. Another aspect is being able to breathe. Now you are probably like, what.. Fish breath? Why, yes they do! They do this by taking in water through their mouths, and force it all through their gills which removes the oxygen molecules in the water! Fun fact: In finding Nemo (I promise this is relevant Filipek), when Nemo was caught with all the Tuna in the net, most individuals thought that it was impossible for them to forcibly swim down and get freed. However, Tuna can actually swim up to 45mph; so it would make sense that they were allowed to free themselves.

REFER TO THE INFORMATIONAL DISSECTION VIDEO AT THE BOTTOM IF KNOWING HOW TO DISSECT THIS ORGANISM IS DESIRED. THE VIDEO CONTAINS A DETAILED VISUAL AND VOICEOVER.

Dissection Incision:

The dissection procedure for the perch is actually very easy. Simply take your scalpel and make an incision of the shape of a rectangle on the side of the perch's body, as depicted above.

External Anatomy

Gills: take oxygen out of the water and let water carry away carbon dioxide

Fins: appendages that allows the fish to swim

Internal Anatomy

Large Intestine: where absorption of nutrients is carried out and waste is transformed into fecal matter

Eye: Sensory organ; used for vision

Stomach: digests food

Gills: take oxygen out of the water and let water carry away carbon dioxide

Bladder: where urine from the kidneys is collected

Spine: supports body structure; protects spinal chord

INFORMATIONAL DISSECTION VIDEO BELOW

Works Cited

http://visual.merriam-webster.com/animal-kingdom/fishes/bony-fish/anatomy-perch.php

Oyster - Dissection

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PEARL's FINAL HOURS

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Patient #001882: Jam, Pearl

Specimen: Oyster
Height: 5.7 in
Eye Color: N/A
Weight: 5 oz
Ethnicity: Mollusk

Biography: Oysters are keystone species, which means that they provide habitat for several other marine species. Oysters can be found in several bays and estuaries throughout the world. The most populated sites in the US are Chesapeake Bay and Wilapa Bay in Washington, but oysters can also be found in abundance in Japan, Australia, and China. Oysters get their energy by consuming nitrogen-containing compounds (nitrates and ammonia), phosphates, plankton, detritus, bacteria, and dissolved organic matter, removing them from the water. You might be surprised to hear that oysters actually have gills, and draw water through the beating of their cilia. They can also exchange gases across their mantles, which are lined with several thin, small blood vessels. A fun fact: not all oysters contain a pearl. In fact, pearl oysters, the only species of oyster that produces a pearl, are more closely related to mussels compared to the rest of the oyster species.

REFER TO THE INFORMATIONAL DISSECTION VIDEO AT THE BOTTOM IF KNOWING HOW TO DISSECT THIS ORGANISM IS DESIRED. THE VIDEO CONTAINS A DETAILED VISUAL AND VOICEOVER.

EXTERIOR